Short range plans or the operational plans are concerned with the day to day functioning and their focus is on short run operating period, generally a year or season. It is usually done at lower levels of management and involves gathering of information and selecting the most effective course of action after evaluating this information.

Short range plans are generally guided by standing plans and single use plans. The policies procedures and rules followed in the organization come under standing plans and single use plans are use for a specific period and includes market plans financial plans and production plans.

What is a planning?
Planning means setting up a blue print for future and deciding what do you went to do and who will do a particular task. Plans are of many times types and are formulated to achieve specific purposes or all purpose plans.

There are 7 elements of planning:
1) Objectives
2) Policies
3) Procedures
4) Rules
5) Budget
6) Programs
7) Strategies.

A successful plan should be flexible in nature and subject to improvement. It should also be subject to enforcement to be effective. A successful plan is evaluated by the extent that a plan is in conformity with the objectives of the organization and to the extent a plan satisfied the requirements of cost, speed, quality and return on investment.

What is the purpose of planning?
Every plan should be linked with some objectives. The planning done by managers is aimed at achieving the organizational goals. The planning helps people in concentrating their efforts on the most important jobs rather than wasting time on the lesser important work. The purpose of planning is also to minimize the cost of performance and eliminate unproductive efforts. It also helps the management in adopting and adjusting according to the changes that take place in the environment. Planning also provides a basis for teamwork as when the goals are properly defined assignments can be fixed and all the members can start contributing in the achievement of these objectives. Planning gives a sense of direction and ensured that efforts are being put to useful purpose instead of being wasted. Planning also facilitate control because without planning there will be nothing to control.

Negotiation is a dialogue between two or more parties who try to work out a solution to their problems. It is a process that can take place at the corporate or the international level. Negotiations take place because both the parties recognize or acknowledge that there is a conflict of interest and try to get a better deal out of these negotiations.

Cross cultural negotiation require the parties to resolve the psychology factors including the attitudes, goals, expectation and the styles of persuasion of the parties. All negotiations require planning but it becomes all the more important in case of international negotiation. Planning may include they knowledge about the taxation procedure and other legal requirements in a country. Having political data and the information related to the work force available in a country could also form a part of the planning for international negotiations.

Cross cultural communication is a field of study that looks at how people from different cultural background communicate with each other and how they Endeavor to communicate across cultures.

Cross cultural communication tries to bring together relatively unrelated areas like cultural anthropology and the establish area of communication. As the main aim is to establish and understand how people from different cultural communicate with each other, it tries to produce some guidelines which can help people from different cultures in a better way. A relative term for it is inter cultural communication which also studies the situation where people from different cultural backgrounds in direct with each other. The fields of anthropology linguistic psychology and communication are also studied in inter-cultural communication.

International Human resource management is the process of procuring allocating and effectively utilizing the human resources in a multinational corporation. While HR Managers in these organization have to integrate HR policies and practices across a number of subsidiaries spread in several countries so that the organization goals can be achieve at the same time they have to make these policies and practices sufficiently flexible to allow significant differences in these policies in different countries.

International HRM is concerned with identifying and understanding how the MNC’s manage their geographically dispersed worked force in order to leverage their HR resources for obtaining local as well as global competitive advantage.